Oral probiotics (this term could mean orally ingested probiotics or probiotics with species "optimised" for the maintenance of oral health and prevention of oral diseases such as tooth decay and gum disease) are NOT used as first-line treatment or for first-line prevention.
What this means is that the basic principles that have stood the test of time and have research backing for the maintenance of oral health still apply.
These principles do not contradict general health advice that will benefit your body as a whole:
- Maintain meticulous oral hygiene: twice daily brushing, daily interdental cleaning (flossing, use of interdental brushes)
- Maintain a balanced diet high in green vegetables (more on this below) and a wide variety of foods.
- Reduce refined sugar/carbohydrate intake.
- Do not consume sweetened beverages frequently.
- Use fluoridated toothpaste twice daily, especially if you are at high risk for decay. This is something that your dentist can evaluate and advise on.
- See a dentist regularly for a professional cleaning and periodic checks on your mouth and teeth. This will ensure that the early signs of dental disease are spotted well in advance and early treatment and prevention can commence. By the time there are symptoms (pain, an abscess etc) the disease process is already far advanced and treatment becomes much more complicated with a lower chance for long term success and stability.
These steps should be sufficient to maintain all of your teeth for life.
If you encounter a localized infection in the mouth, the most effective treatment is removal of the source of infection (either by extracting the infected tooth or starting root canal treatment). Antibiotics can help to prevent the infection from spreading but will not eliminate the infection completely. Perhaps probiotics can help to counter the effects of antibiotics (that kill all bacteria indiscriminately, including beneficial species).
At the moment, there is insufficient evidence to routinely recommend oral probiotics. This is because there are many aspects of the oral and even gut microbiome that are still a mystery to us, such as:
What is the composition of an "ideal" healthy oral microbiome?
Are there certain beneficial bacteria that should be present, and in what proportions?
Is is possible to reorganize the oral microbiome to eliminate harmful bacterial species?
How will the probiotic bacteria be kept alive in the oral cavity to have sustained effects?
There is evidence that green vegetables are essential for the maintenance of beneficial gut bacteria. Without prebiotics (foods that nourish the good bacteria such as green leafy vegetables, asparagus, garlic, onion, leek etc) taking a probiotic on its own will not produce lasting effects.
Interestingly, consumption of green vegetables allows for salivary secretion of nitrate that is converted to nitric acid and nitrous oxide in an acidic environment. These compounds are able to kill harmful bacteria (such as E.Coli that can cause food poisoning) and suppress the growth of decay-causing oral bacteria.
Is there interaction between the oral and gut microbiome?
Is the use of oral probiotics safe in patients with compromised immune systems (young children, the elderly, patients undergoing immunosuppression such as after organ transplantation)?
Until we have more definitive answers to these questions, conventional dental treatment and prevention is still the way to go. I do not think that probiotics are harmful (check with your dentist and doctor before starting any probiotics or supplements) and they may enhance your existing oral hygiene regimen, but I think the effect will be modest. This benefit also needs to be balanced out from a cost perspective, since most probiotics need to be taken indefinitely.
It will be exciting to see what developments are in store since there is growing interest in the composition and enhancement of our microbiome.
Further reading:
Allaker RP, Stephen AS. Use of Probiotics and Oral Health. Curr Oral Health Rep. 2017;4(4):309-318.
Haukioja A. Probiotics and oral health. Eur J Dent. 2010;4(3):348-55.
